Филиппины до испанцев
- Автор темы Kryvonis
- Дата начала
На островах существовало несколько государств. Одним из них было Ма-и.
Ma-i
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-i
The Ma-i (also spelled Ma'i, Mai, Ma-yi or Mayi; Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má it) was a Prehispanic Philippine state whose existence was recorded in the Chinese Imperial annals Zhu Fan Zhi and History of Song.[1][2] It is also recorded in the Sultanate of Brunei's royal records as the nation of Maidh.[3] This state was said to have been centered on the island of Mindoro.[1] [4]
In 1225, China's Zhao Rugua, a superintendent of maritime trade in Fukien province wrote the book entitled Zhu Fan Zhi (Chinese: 諸番志; literally ""Account of the Various Barbarians"") in which he described trade with a country called Mai (pronounced "Ma-yi") which was a prehispanic Philippine state. In it he said:
The country of Mai is to the north of Borneo. The natives live in large villages on the opposite banks of a stream and cover themselves with a cloth like a sheet or hide their bodies with a loin cloth. There are metal images (Buddhas) of unknown origin scattered about in the tangled wilds. Few pirates reach these shores. When trading ships enter the harbor, they stop in front of the official plaza, for the official plaza is that country's place for barter and trade and once the ship is registered, they mix freely. Since the local officials make a habit of using white umbrellas, the merchants must present them as gifts. ”
— [5]
“ The method of transacting business is for the savage traders to come all in a crowd and immediately transfer the merchandise into baskets and go off with it. If at first they can't tell who they are, gradually they come to know those who remove the goods so in the end nothing is actually lost. The savage traders then take the goods around to the other islands for barter and generally don't start coming back until September or October to repay the ship's merchants with what they have got. Indeed, there are some who don't come back even then, so ships trading with Mai are the last to reach home. San-hsu, Pai-p'u-yen, P'u-li-lu, Li-yin-tung, Liu-hsin, Li-han and etc. are all the same sort of place as Mai. ”
— [6]
“ The local products are beeswax, cotton, true pearls, tortoise shell, medicinal betel nuts and yuta cloth. The merchants use such things as porcelain, trade gold, iron pots, lead, colored glass beads and iron needles in exchange.
Ma-i
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-i
The Ma-i (also spelled Ma'i, Mai, Ma-yi or Mayi; Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má it) was a Prehispanic Philippine state whose existence was recorded in the Chinese Imperial annals Zhu Fan Zhi and History of Song.[1][2] It is also recorded in the Sultanate of Brunei's royal records as the nation of Maidh.[3] This state was said to have been centered on the island of Mindoro.[1] [4]
In 1225, China's Zhao Rugua, a superintendent of maritime trade in Fukien province wrote the book entitled Zhu Fan Zhi (Chinese: 諸番志; literally ""Account of the Various Barbarians"") in which he described trade with a country called Mai (pronounced "Ma-yi") which was a prehispanic Philippine state. In it he said:
The country of Mai is to the north of Borneo. The natives live in large villages on the opposite banks of a stream and cover themselves with a cloth like a sheet or hide their bodies with a loin cloth. There are metal images (Buddhas) of unknown origin scattered about in the tangled wilds. Few pirates reach these shores. When trading ships enter the harbor, they stop in front of the official plaza, for the official plaza is that country's place for barter and trade and once the ship is registered, they mix freely. Since the local officials make a habit of using white umbrellas, the merchants must present them as gifts. ”
— [5]
“ The method of transacting business is for the savage traders to come all in a crowd and immediately transfer the merchandise into baskets and go off with it. If at first they can't tell who they are, gradually they come to know those who remove the goods so in the end nothing is actually lost. The savage traders then take the goods around to the other islands for barter and generally don't start coming back until September or October to repay the ship's merchants with what they have got. Indeed, there are some who don't come back even then, so ships trading with Mai are the last to reach home. San-hsu, Pai-p'u-yen, P'u-li-lu, Li-yin-tung, Liu-hsin, Li-han and etc. are all the same sort of place as Mai. ”
— [6]
“ The local products are beeswax, cotton, true pearls, tortoise shell, medicinal betel nuts and yuta cloth. The merchants use such things as porcelain, trade gold, iron pots, lead, colored glass beads and iron needles in exchange.
Kingdom of Tondo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo
Tondo, (also referred to as Tundo, Tundun, Tundok, Lusung) was a Philippine fortified kingdom which was located in the Manila Bay area, specifically north of the Pasig River, on Luzon island. It is one of the settlements mentioned by the Philippines' earliest historical record, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription.
Originally an Indianized kingdom in the 10th century, Tondo built upon and capitalized on being central to the long-existing ancient regional trading routes throughout the archipelago to include among others, initiating diplomatic and commercial ties with China during the Ming Dynasty. Thus it became an established force in trade throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia. (See Luções). Tondo's regional prominence further culminated during the period of its associated trade and alliance with Brunei's Sultan Bolkiah, when around 1500. it's peak age as a thalassocratic force in the northern archipelago was realized. When the Spanish first arrived in Tondo in 1570 and defeated the local rulers in the Manila Bay area in 1591, Tondo came under the administration of Manila (a Spanish fort built on the remains of Kota Seludong), ending its existence as an independent state. This subjugated Tondo continues to exist today as a district of the city of Manila.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900)
The first reference to Tondo occurs in the Philippines' oldest historical record — the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI). This legal document was written in Kawi, and dates back to Saka 822 (c. 900).
The first part of the document says that:
On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother whose name is Bukah, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the King of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of Pailah, Jayadewa.
Apparently, the document was a sort of receipt that acknowledged that the man named Namwaran had been cleared of his debt to the King of Tundo, which in today's measure would be about 926.4 grams of gold.[1]
The article mentioned that other places in the Philippines and their Rulers: Pailah (Lord Minister Jayadewa), Puliran Kasumuran (Lord Minister), Binwangan (unnamed). It has been suggested that Pailah, Puliran Kasumuran, and Binwangan are the towns of Paila, Pulilan, and Binwangan in Bulacan,[1] but it has also been suggested that Pailah refers to the town of Pila, Laguna. More recent linguistic research of the Old Malay grammar of the document suggests the term Puliran Kasumuran refers to the large lake now known as Laguna de Ba'y (Puliran), citing the root of kasumuran, *sumur as Old Malay for well, spring or freshwater source. Hence ka-sumur-an defines a water-source (in this case the freshwater lake of Puliran itself).[2] While the document does not describe the exact relationship of the King of Tundun with these other rulers, it at least suggests that he was of higher rank.[3]
Diplomacy with the Ming dynasty
Ming Dynasty Porcelain
The next historical reference to Ancient Tondo can be found in the Ming Shilu Annals (明实录]),[4] which record the arrival of an envoy from Luzon to the Ming Dynasty (大明朝) in 1373.[4] Her rulers, based in their capital, Tondo (Chinese: 東都; pinyin: dōngdū) were acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings (王).[5] This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the peoples of the Philippine archipelago.
Theories such as Wilhelm Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands.[6] But the earliest archeological evidence of trade between the Philippines and China takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated to the Tang and Song Dynasties.[7]
The rise of the Ming dynasty saw the arrival of the first Chinese settlers in the Philippines. They were well received and lived together in harmony with the existing local population — eventually intermarrying with them such that today, numerous Philippine people have Chinese blood in their veins.[7]
This connection was important enough that when the Ming Dynasty emperors enforced the Hai jin laws which closed China to maritime trade from 1371 to about 1567, trade with the Philippines was officially allowed to continue, masqueraded as a tribute system, through the seaport at Fuzhou.[8] Aside from this, a more extensive clandestine trade from Guangzhou and Quanzhou also brought in Chinese goods to Luzon.[9]
Luzon and Tondo thus became a center from which Chinese goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon traders carrying these goods were considered "Chinese" by the people they encountered.[9]
This powerful presence in the trade of Chinese goods in 16th century East Asia was also felt strongly by Japan.[10] The Ming Empire treated Luzon traders more favorably than Japan by allowing them to trade with China once every two years, while Japan was only allowed to trade once every 10 years. Japanese merchants often had to resort to piracy in order to obtain much sought after Chinese products such as silk and porcelain. Famous 16th century Japanese merchants and tea connoisseurs like Shimai Soushitsu (島井宗室) and Kamiya Soutan (神屋宗湛) established branch offices on the island of Luzon. One famous Japanese merchant, Luzon Sukezaemon (呂宋助左衛門), went as far as to change his surname from Naya (納屋) to Luzon (呂宋).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo
Tondo, (also referred to as Tundo, Tundun, Tundok, Lusung) was a Philippine fortified kingdom which was located in the Manila Bay area, specifically north of the Pasig River, on Luzon island. It is one of the settlements mentioned by the Philippines' earliest historical record, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription.
Originally an Indianized kingdom in the 10th century, Tondo built upon and capitalized on being central to the long-existing ancient regional trading routes throughout the archipelago to include among others, initiating diplomatic and commercial ties with China during the Ming Dynasty. Thus it became an established force in trade throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia. (See Luções). Tondo's regional prominence further culminated during the period of its associated trade and alliance with Brunei's Sultan Bolkiah, when around 1500. it's peak age as a thalassocratic force in the northern archipelago was realized. When the Spanish first arrived in Tondo in 1570 and defeated the local rulers in the Manila Bay area in 1591, Tondo came under the administration of Manila (a Spanish fort built on the remains of Kota Seludong), ending its existence as an independent state. This subjugated Tondo continues to exist today as a district of the city of Manila.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900)
The first reference to Tondo occurs in the Philippines' oldest historical record — the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI). This legal document was written in Kawi, and dates back to Saka 822 (c. 900).
The first part of the document says that:
On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother whose name is Bukah, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the King of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of Pailah, Jayadewa.
Apparently, the document was a sort of receipt that acknowledged that the man named Namwaran had been cleared of his debt to the King of Tundo, which in today's measure would be about 926.4 grams of gold.[1]
The article mentioned that other places in the Philippines and their Rulers: Pailah (Lord Minister Jayadewa), Puliran Kasumuran (Lord Minister), Binwangan (unnamed). It has been suggested that Pailah, Puliran Kasumuran, and Binwangan are the towns of Paila, Pulilan, and Binwangan in Bulacan,[1] but it has also been suggested that Pailah refers to the town of Pila, Laguna. More recent linguistic research of the Old Malay grammar of the document suggests the term Puliran Kasumuran refers to the large lake now known as Laguna de Ba'y (Puliran), citing the root of kasumuran, *sumur as Old Malay for well, spring or freshwater source. Hence ka-sumur-an defines a water-source (in this case the freshwater lake of Puliran itself).[2] While the document does not describe the exact relationship of the King of Tundun with these other rulers, it at least suggests that he was of higher rank.[3]
Diplomacy with the Ming dynasty
Ming Dynasty Porcelain
The next historical reference to Ancient Tondo can be found in the Ming Shilu Annals (明实录]),[4] which record the arrival of an envoy from Luzon to the Ming Dynasty (大明朝) in 1373.[4] Her rulers, based in their capital, Tondo (Chinese: 東都; pinyin: dōngdū) were acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings (王).[5] This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the peoples of the Philippine archipelago.
Theories such as Wilhelm Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands.[6] But the earliest archeological evidence of trade between the Philippines and China takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated to the Tang and Song Dynasties.[7]
The rise of the Ming dynasty saw the arrival of the first Chinese settlers in the Philippines. They were well received and lived together in harmony with the existing local population — eventually intermarrying with them such that today, numerous Philippine people have Chinese blood in their veins.[7]
This connection was important enough that when the Ming Dynasty emperors enforced the Hai jin laws which closed China to maritime trade from 1371 to about 1567, trade with the Philippines was officially allowed to continue, masqueraded as a tribute system, through the seaport at Fuzhou.[8] Aside from this, a more extensive clandestine trade from Guangzhou and Quanzhou also brought in Chinese goods to Luzon.[9]
Luzon and Tondo thus became a center from which Chinese goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon traders carrying these goods were considered "Chinese" by the people they encountered.[9]
This powerful presence in the trade of Chinese goods in 16th century East Asia was also felt strongly by Japan.[10] The Ming Empire treated Luzon traders more favorably than Japan by allowing them to trade with China once every two years, while Japan was only allowed to trade once every 10 years. Japanese merchants often had to resort to piracy in order to obtain much sought after Chinese products such as silk and porcelain. Famous 16th century Japanese merchants and tea connoisseurs like Shimai Soushitsu (島井宗室) and Kamiya Soutan (神屋宗湛) established branch offices on the island of Luzon. One famous Japanese merchant, Luzon Sukezaemon (呂宋助左衛門), went as far as to change his surname from Naya (納屋) to Luzon (呂宋).
Alliance with Brunei (1500)
Tondo became so prosperous that around the year 1500, the Kingdom of Brunei under Sultan Bolkiah merged it by a royal marriage of Gat Lontok, who later became Rajah of Namayan, and Dayang Kaylangitan to establish a city with the Malay name of Selurong (later to become the city of Maynila)[11][12] on the opposite bank of Pasig River. The traditional rulers of Tondo, the Lakandula, retained their titles and property but the real political power transferred to the House of Soliman, the Rajahs of Manila.[13]
Spanish contact (1570–1591)
Spanish colonizers first came to the Manila Bay area and its settlements in June 1570, while Governor-General Legazpi was searching for a suitable place to establish a capital for the new territory. Having heard of a prosperous Muslim settlement on the island of Luzon, Legaspi had sent Martin de Goiti to investigate. When Maynila's ruler, Rajah Sulaiman II, refused to submit to Spanish sovereignty, De Goiti attacked. He eventually defeated Soliman, claimed Maynila in the name of the King of Spain, then returned to report his success to Legazpi, who was then based on the island of Panay.
Legazpi himself returned to take the settlement on 19 June 1591. When the Spanish forces approached, the natives burned Maynila down and fled to Tondo and other neighboring towns.
Legaspi began constructing a fort on the ashes of Maynila and made overtures of friendship to Lakandula of Tondo, who accepted. The defeated Sulaiman refused to submit to the Spaniards, but failed to get the support of Lakandula or of the Pampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the north. When Sulaiman and a force of Tagalog warriors attacked the Spaniards in the battle of Bangcusay, he was finally defeated and killed.
This defeat marked the end of rebellion against the Spanish among the Pasig river settlements, and Lakandula's Tondo surrendered its sovereignty, submitting to the authority of the new Spanish capital, Manila.[14]
Lakan as a title
While most historians think of Lakan Dula as a specific person, with Lakan meaning "Lord/King/Paramount Ruler" and Dula being a proper name, one theory suggests that Lakandula is a hereditary title for the Monarchs of the Kingdom of Tondo.[15]
The heirs of Lakandula
In 1587, Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula, and Augustin de Legazpi, Lakan Dula's nephew, and the lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan were executed for secretly conspiring to overthrow the Spanish colonizers. Stories were told that Magat Salamat's descendants settled in Hagonoy, Bulacan and many of his descendants spread from this area.[16]
David Dula y Goiti, a grandson of Lakan Dula with a Spanish mother escaped the persecution of the descendants of Lakan Dula by settling in Isla de Batag, Northern Samar and settled in the place now called Candawid (Kan David). Due to hatred for the Spaniards, he dropped the Goiti in his surname and adopted a new name David Dulay. He was eventually caught by the Guardia Civil based in Palapag and was executed together with seven followers. They were charged with planning to attack the Spanish detachment.[16]
Tondo became so prosperous that around the year 1500, the Kingdom of Brunei under Sultan Bolkiah merged it by a royal marriage of Gat Lontok, who later became Rajah of Namayan, and Dayang Kaylangitan to establish a city with the Malay name of Selurong (later to become the city of Maynila)[11][12] on the opposite bank of Pasig River. The traditional rulers of Tondo, the Lakandula, retained their titles and property but the real political power transferred to the House of Soliman, the Rajahs of Manila.[13]
Spanish contact (1570–1591)
Spanish colonizers first came to the Manila Bay area and its settlements in June 1570, while Governor-General Legazpi was searching for a suitable place to establish a capital for the new territory. Having heard of a prosperous Muslim settlement on the island of Luzon, Legaspi had sent Martin de Goiti to investigate. When Maynila's ruler, Rajah Sulaiman II, refused to submit to Spanish sovereignty, De Goiti attacked. He eventually defeated Soliman, claimed Maynila in the name of the King of Spain, then returned to report his success to Legazpi, who was then based on the island of Panay.
Legazpi himself returned to take the settlement on 19 June 1591. When the Spanish forces approached, the natives burned Maynila down and fled to Tondo and other neighboring towns.
Legaspi began constructing a fort on the ashes of Maynila and made overtures of friendship to Lakandula of Tondo, who accepted. The defeated Sulaiman refused to submit to the Spaniards, but failed to get the support of Lakandula or of the Pampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the north. When Sulaiman and a force of Tagalog warriors attacked the Spaniards in the battle of Bangcusay, he was finally defeated and killed.
This defeat marked the end of rebellion against the Spanish among the Pasig river settlements, and Lakandula's Tondo surrendered its sovereignty, submitting to the authority of the new Spanish capital, Manila.[14]
Lakan as a title
While most historians think of Lakan Dula as a specific person, with Lakan meaning "Lord/King/Paramount Ruler" and Dula being a proper name, one theory suggests that Lakandula is a hereditary title for the Monarchs of the Kingdom of Tondo.[15]
The heirs of Lakandula
In 1587, Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula, and Augustin de Legazpi, Lakan Dula's nephew, and the lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan were executed for secretly conspiring to overthrow the Spanish colonizers. Stories were told that Magat Salamat's descendants settled in Hagonoy, Bulacan and many of his descendants spread from this area.[16]
David Dula y Goiti, a grandson of Lakan Dula with a Spanish mother escaped the persecution of the descendants of Lakan Dula by settling in Isla de Batag, Northern Samar and settled in the place now called Candawid (Kan David). Due to hatred for the Spaniards, he dropped the Goiti in his surname and adopted a new name David Dulay. He was eventually caught by the Guardia Civil based in Palapag and was executed together with seven followers. They were charged with planning to attack the Spanish detachment.[16]
Confederation of Madya-as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Madya-as
The Confederation of Madya-as was a pre-Hispanic Philippine state within the Visayas islands region. It was established in the 13th century by rebel datus (chiefs), led by Datu Puti, who had fled from Rajah Makatunao of Borneo. The semi-democratic confederation reached its peak during the 15th century under the leadership of Datu Padojinog when it warred against the Chinese Empire, the Rajahnate of Butuan, and the sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao. It was also feared by the people of the Kingdom of Maynila and Tondo.[1] It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.[2] Among the archaeological proofs of the existence of this Hiligaynon nation are the artifacts found in pre-hispanic tombs from many parts of the island, which are now in display at Iloilo Museum. Another testimony of the antiquity of this civilization is the longest and oldest epic in the region, the Hinilawod.
History according to folklore
According to local oral legends and the book entitled Maragtas,[3] early in the 13th century, the datus: Sumakwel, Bangkaya, Paiburong, Paduhinog, Dumangsol, Dumangsil, Dumaluglog, Balkasusa, and Lubay who were led by Datu Puti and their followers, fled to the sea on their barangays and sailed north to flee from the oppressive rule of Rajah Makatunaw, of Borneo and the destruction of the Srivijayan Empire. Until they reached Panay island .They immediately settled in Antique and made a trade treaty with the Negrito hero named, Marikudo and his wife Maniwantiwan, from whom they wanted to purchase the land. A golden salakot and long pearl necklace (called Manangyad) was given in exchange of the plains of Panay. The Negritos relocated to the mountains while the newcomers occupy the coasts. Datu Bangkaya then established a settlement at Madyanos, while Datu Paiburog established his village at Irong-irong (Which is now the city of Iloilo) while Datu Sumakwel and his people crossed over the Madyaas mountain range into Hamtik and established their village at Malandong
Datu Puti, left them for explorations, northwards, after ensuring his people's safety. He designated, Datu Sumakwel, being the eldest, as the commander-in-chief of Panay before he left.
By 1213, Datu Sumakwel invoked a council of datus to plan for common defense and a system of government. Six articles were adopted and promulgated, which came to be known as Articles of Confederation of Madya-as. Historians would later refer to these Articles as the first written constitution of the Philippines.[citation needed]
The confederation created the three sakups (Sovereign territories) as the main political divisions, and they defined the system of government, plus establishing rights of individuals while providing for a justice system.
AS a result of the council, Datu Paiburong was formally installed as commander-in-chief of Irong-irong at Kamunsil, Sumakwel of Hamtik at Malandog, and Bangkaya of Aklan at Madyanos .
Bangkaya ruled his sakup from Madyanos according to local customs and the Confederation of Madyaas' articles. The first capital of Aklan was Madyanos. Commander-in-chief, Datu Bangkaya then sent expeditions throughout his sakup and established settlements in strategic locales while giving justice to this people.[4]
After his election as commander-in-chief of Aklan, Bangkaya, transferred his capital to Madyanos for strategic and economic reasons and renamed it to Laguinbanwa.
Bangkaya used his two sons as officers in the government of his sakup. He appointed Balengkaka in charge of Aklan, and Balangiga for Ilayan. Balangiga had twin sons, Buean and Adlaw, from which Capiz (Kapid) was originally named, before the Spaniards came.
The center of government of the Confederation was Aklan, when Sumakwel expired and Bangkaya succeeded him as leader of Panay. Bangkaya was then replaced by Paiburong. Aklan returned to become the center of Confederation again, when Paiburong expired and was replaced by Balengkaka.
Two Centuries later, after the barter of Panay, the capital of Aklan became Batan and of all Panay, when Datu Kalantiaw became the leader of Aklan.
Antedating the ascent of Kalantiaw as leader of Aklan, there were numerous datus that became petty rulers in their own fiefdoms, and each claimed to be commander-in-chief of Aklan. One of them was datu Daguob, who moved the capital to Capiz. Daguob was replaced by Hagnaya, who relocated to Mambusao the new capital. Dingandan then became chief and he moved the government back to Batan.
Kalantiaw in 1399, invaded and captured Batan from Dingandan. Then, Kalantiaw raped Dacaylay, Dinagandan's daughter. Datu Bolinawan, the legitimate successor of Dinagandan, led a people's revolt against Kalantiaw. Kalantiaw was killed, but Bolinawan failed to regain control of confederation. However, Kalantiaw II and Kalantiaw III, children of the original Kalantiaw in his first marriage took over. The eighteen commands now known as the code of Kalantiaw was issued by datu Kalantiaw III, on December 8, 1433. Commands some historians consider a hoax.
Shortly after the proclamation of the tyrannic Code of Kalantiaw, Kalantiaw III was killed in a sword duel with Datu Manduyog, the successor of Dinagandan, who relocated capital back to Bakan in 1437.[5]
Chinese accounts
To the Chinese, the people of Confederation of Madyaas were known as the Pisheya.[6] This is a transliteration of the general geographical location of the Confederation of Madyaas, the Visayas islands. In 1612, the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that the Pisheya consistently made raids against Imperial commerce [7]
Integration of parts of the Confederation to the Spanish Empire
When the Spaniards landed at Batan. In 1565, the Datu Kabnayag, relocated the capital to Guadalupe. Afterwards, however, the datus were overpowered by the Spaniards. Following the Spanish conquest, the locals became Christians. Father Andres baptized thousands of Aklanis in 1565, and consequently the settlements of Madyanos was renamed Kalibo.
Conquistador, Legaspi then parceled Aklan to his men. Antonio Flores became encomiendero for all settlements along the Aklan River and he was also appointed in charge of pacification and religious instruction. Pedro Sarmiento; was appointed for Batan, Francisco de Rivera; for Mambusao, Gaspar Ruiz de Morales; and for Panay town, Pedro Guillen de Lievana.
In 1716, the old Sakup (Sovereign Territory) of Aklan became Spanish politico-military province under the name of Capiz. And so it remained for the next 240 years. [5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Madya-as
The Confederation of Madya-as was a pre-Hispanic Philippine state within the Visayas islands region. It was established in the 13th century by rebel datus (chiefs), led by Datu Puti, who had fled from Rajah Makatunao of Borneo. The semi-democratic confederation reached its peak during the 15th century under the leadership of Datu Padojinog when it warred against the Chinese Empire, the Rajahnate of Butuan, and the sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao. It was also feared by the people of the Kingdom of Maynila and Tondo.[1] It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.[2] Among the archaeological proofs of the existence of this Hiligaynon nation are the artifacts found in pre-hispanic tombs from many parts of the island, which are now in display at Iloilo Museum. Another testimony of the antiquity of this civilization is the longest and oldest epic in the region, the Hinilawod.
History according to folklore
According to local oral legends and the book entitled Maragtas,[3] early in the 13th century, the datus: Sumakwel, Bangkaya, Paiburong, Paduhinog, Dumangsol, Dumangsil, Dumaluglog, Balkasusa, and Lubay who were led by Datu Puti and their followers, fled to the sea on their barangays and sailed north to flee from the oppressive rule of Rajah Makatunaw, of Borneo and the destruction of the Srivijayan Empire. Until they reached Panay island .They immediately settled in Antique and made a trade treaty with the Negrito hero named, Marikudo and his wife Maniwantiwan, from whom they wanted to purchase the land. A golden salakot and long pearl necklace (called Manangyad) was given in exchange of the plains of Panay. The Negritos relocated to the mountains while the newcomers occupy the coasts. Datu Bangkaya then established a settlement at Madyanos, while Datu Paiburog established his village at Irong-irong (Which is now the city of Iloilo) while Datu Sumakwel and his people crossed over the Madyaas mountain range into Hamtik and established their village at Malandong
Datu Puti, left them for explorations, northwards, after ensuring his people's safety. He designated, Datu Sumakwel, being the eldest, as the commander-in-chief of Panay before he left.
By 1213, Datu Sumakwel invoked a council of datus to plan for common defense and a system of government. Six articles were adopted and promulgated, which came to be known as Articles of Confederation of Madya-as. Historians would later refer to these Articles as the first written constitution of the Philippines.[citation needed]
The confederation created the three sakups (Sovereign territories) as the main political divisions, and they defined the system of government, plus establishing rights of individuals while providing for a justice system.
AS a result of the council, Datu Paiburong was formally installed as commander-in-chief of Irong-irong at Kamunsil, Sumakwel of Hamtik at Malandog, and Bangkaya of Aklan at Madyanos .
Bangkaya ruled his sakup from Madyanos according to local customs and the Confederation of Madyaas' articles. The first capital of Aklan was Madyanos. Commander-in-chief, Datu Bangkaya then sent expeditions throughout his sakup and established settlements in strategic locales while giving justice to this people.[4]
After his election as commander-in-chief of Aklan, Bangkaya, transferred his capital to Madyanos for strategic and economic reasons and renamed it to Laguinbanwa.
Bangkaya used his two sons as officers in the government of his sakup. He appointed Balengkaka in charge of Aklan, and Balangiga for Ilayan. Balangiga had twin sons, Buean and Adlaw, from which Capiz (Kapid) was originally named, before the Spaniards came.
The center of government of the Confederation was Aklan, when Sumakwel expired and Bangkaya succeeded him as leader of Panay. Bangkaya was then replaced by Paiburong. Aklan returned to become the center of Confederation again, when Paiburong expired and was replaced by Balengkaka.
Two Centuries later, after the barter of Panay, the capital of Aklan became Batan and of all Panay, when Datu Kalantiaw became the leader of Aklan.
Antedating the ascent of Kalantiaw as leader of Aklan, there were numerous datus that became petty rulers in their own fiefdoms, and each claimed to be commander-in-chief of Aklan. One of them was datu Daguob, who moved the capital to Capiz. Daguob was replaced by Hagnaya, who relocated to Mambusao the new capital. Dingandan then became chief and he moved the government back to Batan.
Kalantiaw in 1399, invaded and captured Batan from Dingandan. Then, Kalantiaw raped Dacaylay, Dinagandan's daughter. Datu Bolinawan, the legitimate successor of Dinagandan, led a people's revolt against Kalantiaw. Kalantiaw was killed, but Bolinawan failed to regain control of confederation. However, Kalantiaw II and Kalantiaw III, children of the original Kalantiaw in his first marriage took over. The eighteen commands now known as the code of Kalantiaw was issued by datu Kalantiaw III, on December 8, 1433. Commands some historians consider a hoax.
Shortly after the proclamation of the tyrannic Code of Kalantiaw, Kalantiaw III was killed in a sword duel with Datu Manduyog, the successor of Dinagandan, who relocated capital back to Bakan in 1437.[5]
Chinese accounts
To the Chinese, the people of Confederation of Madyaas were known as the Pisheya.[6] This is a transliteration of the general geographical location of the Confederation of Madyaas, the Visayas islands. In 1612, the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that the Pisheya consistently made raids against Imperial commerce [7]
Integration of parts of the Confederation to the Spanish Empire
When the Spaniards landed at Batan. In 1565, the Datu Kabnayag, relocated the capital to Guadalupe. Afterwards, however, the datus were overpowered by the Spaniards. Following the Spanish conquest, the locals became Christians. Father Andres baptized thousands of Aklanis in 1565, and consequently the settlements of Madyanos was renamed Kalibo.
Conquistador, Legaspi then parceled Aklan to his men. Antonio Flores became encomiendero for all settlements along the Aklan River and he was also appointed in charge of pacification and religious instruction. Pedro Sarmiento; was appointed for Batan, Francisco de Rivera; for Mambusao, Gaspar Ruiz de Morales; and for Panay town, Pedro Guillen de Lievana.
In 1716, the old Sakup (Sovereign Territory) of Aklan became Spanish politico-military province under the name of Capiz. And so it remained for the next 240 years. [5]
Kingdom of Maynila
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila
The Kingdom of Maynila or Kota Seludong, was one of three major city-states that dominated the area by the lower reaches and mouth of the Pasig River before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. It is the site of present-day Manila, the capital of the Republic of the Philippines.
The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbors as well as with the Hindu empires of Java and Sumatra, as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties between China became extensive by the 10th century, while contacts with Arab merchants reached its peak in the 12th century.[1]
During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1521) the Kingdom of Brunei decided to break the Kingdom of Tondo's monopoly in the Chinese trade by attacking Tondo and establishing the city-state of Seludong as a Bruneian satellite. This is narrated through Tausug and Malay royal histories, where the names Seludong, Saludong or Selurong are used to denote Manila prior to colonization.[2]
Because of the presence of plants called "nila" (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), this new city was eventually named "May-nila," which transliterates as "There is nila (here)" in the 16th century. Maynila is also sometimes called Maynilad because nila is popularly referred to as nilad by people unfamiliar with the plant, a correction asserted by historians Ambeth Ocampo and Carmen Guerrero Nakpil.[3] It has also been suggested that the name of the capital city of Manila came from the Arabic word (في امان الله) "Fi Amanillah",[4] which means "In God's safety."
In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were sultanates and they were governed by Muslim rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman ("Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, including the Kingdom of Maynila, while Rajah Lakandula ruled the Kingdom of Tondo north of the river.[5][6][7] These settlements held ties with the sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Ternate, Indonesia (not to be confused with Ternate in present-day Cavite).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila
The Kingdom of Maynila or Kota Seludong, was one of three major city-states that dominated the area by the lower reaches and mouth of the Pasig River before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. It is the site of present-day Manila, the capital of the Republic of the Philippines.
The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbors as well as with the Hindu empires of Java and Sumatra, as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties between China became extensive by the 10th century, while contacts with Arab merchants reached its peak in the 12th century.[1]
During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1521) the Kingdom of Brunei decided to break the Kingdom of Tondo's monopoly in the Chinese trade by attacking Tondo and establishing the city-state of Seludong as a Bruneian satellite. This is narrated through Tausug and Malay royal histories, where the names Seludong, Saludong or Selurong are used to denote Manila prior to colonization.[2]
Because of the presence of plants called "nila" (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), this new city was eventually named "May-nila," which transliterates as "There is nila (here)" in the 16th century. Maynila is also sometimes called Maynilad because nila is popularly referred to as nilad by people unfamiliar with the plant, a correction asserted by historians Ambeth Ocampo and Carmen Guerrero Nakpil.[3] It has also been suggested that the name of the capital city of Manila came from the Arabic word (في امان الله) "Fi Amanillah",[4] which means "In God's safety."
In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were sultanates and they were governed by Muslim rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman ("Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, including the Kingdom of Maynila, while Rajah Lakandula ruled the Kingdom of Tondo north of the river.[5][6][7] These settlements held ties with the sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Ternate, Indonesia (not to be confused with Ternate in present-day Cavite).
Kingdom of Namayan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Namayan
The ancient Kingdom of Namayan, (also Kingdom of Sapa, Maysapan or Nasapan after its capital), was one of three major kingdoms that dominated the banks of the Pasig River and the coast of Laguna de Bay in the Philippines until Spanish colonisation in the 16th century.
Namayan is said to be the oldest of the three kingdoms, pre-dating the kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila.[1] Formed by a confederation of barangays, it is said to have achieved its peak in 1175.[2]
Territory
Namayan's territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig river, and Laguna de Bay.[1][2] A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Franciscan scholar Fr. Felix de Huerta, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 19th century.[3]
These were:
Meycatmon
Calatondangan (Kalatundungan)
Dongos (Dungos)
Dibag
Pinacauasan
Yamagtogon
Maysapan (the capaital; now Santa Ana)
Malate
Dilao (Paco)
Pandacan
Quiapo
Sampaloc
San Miguel
San Juan del Monte
San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong)
San Pedro de Makati
Taytay.
Administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of the Kingdom of Sapa were recorded in 1578 as parts and visitas (satellite settlements) of Sta. Ana de Sapa.[1]
Name
A number of these settlements' names are no longer used today, but Philippine National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin, in his book "Manila My Manila: A History for the Young", says that these territories covered the present day areas of Santa Ana, Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, and Paranaque.[4]
The capital of Sapa would later be called "Maysapan" and Christianised into Santa Ana de Sapa. It is known today simply as Santa Ana, a district of the City of Manila.[2]
Fr. Huertas notes that "this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of Sapa for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call Sapa and the name of the town itself."[3] Sapa is the Modern Tagalog word for a small creek.
Rulers
Fr. Huertas also recorded the history of Namayan's rulers. It had been ruled from Sapa by Lakan Tagkan (Lacatagcan, Takhan), and Lady Buan. Their known issue was five individuals of whom the principal was named Palaba. Palaba sired a son named Laboy who, in turn, had a son named Calamayin whose own son was christened Martín when he converted to Catholicism.[3]
Other notable heirs
Of perhaps greater interest, however, is Tagkan's child by his Bornean slave-wife. The child, named Pasay, inherited the territory known today as the territories of Culi-culi, Baclaran and the modern city which still bears the name of this individual.[1] There is some discrepancy as to whether Pasay was a son or daughter, with some legends referring to "Dayang-dayang (princess) Pasay".[2][3]
After colonisation
When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, Franciscan missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town. The result is that the present-day Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site of the capital of Namayan.[3] This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.[1] A street named Lamayan (Tagalog for "the place where a wake was held") is said to be the site of the ancient capital where Lakan Tagkan and Buwan once ruled.[1]
During the Spanish colonial era, Santa Ana was a fishing village that had other industries including carpentry, masonry, piña (pineapple cloth) embroidery, as well as the production of tinapâ, cigars, bricks, sugar, and bread.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Namayan
The ancient Kingdom of Namayan, (also Kingdom of Sapa, Maysapan or Nasapan after its capital), was one of three major kingdoms that dominated the banks of the Pasig River and the coast of Laguna de Bay in the Philippines until Spanish colonisation in the 16th century.
Namayan is said to be the oldest of the three kingdoms, pre-dating the kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila.[1] Formed by a confederation of barangays, it is said to have achieved its peak in 1175.[2]
Territory
Namayan's territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig river, and Laguna de Bay.[1][2] A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Franciscan scholar Fr. Felix de Huerta, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 19th century.[3]
These were:
Meycatmon
Calatondangan (Kalatundungan)
Dongos (Dungos)
Dibag
Pinacauasan
Yamagtogon
Maysapan (the capaital; now Santa Ana)
Malate
Dilao (Paco)
Pandacan
Quiapo
Sampaloc
San Miguel
San Juan del Monte
San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong)
San Pedro de Makati
Taytay.
Administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of the Kingdom of Sapa were recorded in 1578 as parts and visitas (satellite settlements) of Sta. Ana de Sapa.[1]
Name
A number of these settlements' names are no longer used today, but Philippine National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin, in his book "Manila My Manila: A History for the Young", says that these territories covered the present day areas of Santa Ana, Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, and Paranaque.[4]
The capital of Sapa would later be called "Maysapan" and Christianised into Santa Ana de Sapa. It is known today simply as Santa Ana, a district of the City of Manila.[2]
Fr. Huertas notes that "this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of Sapa for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call Sapa and the name of the town itself."[3] Sapa is the Modern Tagalog word for a small creek.
Rulers
Fr. Huertas also recorded the history of Namayan's rulers. It had been ruled from Sapa by Lakan Tagkan (Lacatagcan, Takhan), and Lady Buan. Their known issue was five individuals of whom the principal was named Palaba. Palaba sired a son named Laboy who, in turn, had a son named Calamayin whose own son was christened Martín when he converted to Catholicism.[3]
Other notable heirs
Of perhaps greater interest, however, is Tagkan's child by his Bornean slave-wife. The child, named Pasay, inherited the territory known today as the territories of Culi-culi, Baclaran and the modern city which still bears the name of this individual.[1] There is some discrepancy as to whether Pasay was a son or daughter, with some legends referring to "Dayang-dayang (princess) Pasay".[2][3]
After colonisation
When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, Franciscan missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town. The result is that the present-day Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site of the capital of Namayan.[3] This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.[1] A street named Lamayan (Tagalog for "the place where a wake was held") is said to be the site of the ancient capital where Lakan Tagkan and Buwan once ruled.[1]
During the Spanish colonial era, Santa Ana was a fishing village that had other industries including carpentry, masonry, piña (pineapple cloth) embroidery, as well as the production of tinapâ, cigars, bricks, sugar, and bread.
Kingdom of Butuan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butuan
The Kingdom of Butuan was an ancient Indianized kingdom in pre-colonial southern Philippines centered on the present Mindanao island city of Butuan. It was known for its mining of gold, its gold products and its extensive trade network across the Nusantara area. The kingdom had trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Persia, Cambodia and areas now comprised in Thailand.[2][3]
The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad river have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the pre-colonial era.[4]
Evidence indicates that Butuan was in contact with the Song dynasty of China by at least 1001 AD. The Chinese annal Song Shih recorded the first appearance of a Butuan tributary mission at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD and it described Butuan (P'u-tuan) as a small Hindu country with a Buddhist Monarchy in the sea that had a regular connection with the Champa kingdom and intermittent contact with China under the Rajah named Kiling.[5] The rajah sent an envoy under I-hsu-han, with a formal memorial requesting equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy. The request was denied later by the Imperial court, mainly because of favoritism over Champa.[6]
A new ruler with the Indianized name Sri Bata Shaja later succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh. Likanhsieh shocked the Emperor by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold tablet, some white dragon (Bailong 白龍) camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice.[7] This display of irreverence sparked interests from China over the small Rajahnate and the diplomatic relations between the two states reached its peak during the Yuan Dynasty. Chinese records about the Rajahnate stopped after the reign of Rajah Siagu the last independent Rajah of Butuan. He was formally subjugated into the Spanish empire after he made a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.
Excavated artifacts
Numerous jars have been found in the Butuan area that indicate the wealth of the kingdom and the existence of foreign traditions.[8] Some of these jars have been dated as follows:
Sathing Phra (900–1100 AD)
Haripunjaya (800–900 AD),
Japanese (12th to 16th centuries AD),[9]
Chinese (10th to 15th centuries AD),
Khmer (9th to 10th centuries AD),
Thai (14th to 15th centuries AD)
Champa (11th to 13th centuries AD)
Persian (9th to 10th centuries AD)
Artifacts have been recovered from within the vicinities of Ambangan Archeological Site in Libertad that attest to the historical accounts that Butuan traded with the India, Japan, Han Chinese , and Southeast Asian countries during these periods.[10]
Origins of the name
The name Butuan is believed to have existed long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the Philippine archipelago. One possible indication of this is a rhinoceros ivory seal with design carved in ancient Javanese or early kawi script (used around the 10th century AD ) which, according to a Dutch scholar, was deciphered as But-wan. Another account suggests the name derives from the word batuan, a mangosteen-related fruit common in Mindanao. Another alternative is that the name derives from Datu Bantuan, possibly a former chieftain of the region.[11]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butuan
The Kingdom of Butuan was an ancient Indianized kingdom in pre-colonial southern Philippines centered on the present Mindanao island city of Butuan. It was known for its mining of gold, its gold products and its extensive trade network across the Nusantara area. The kingdom had trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Persia, Cambodia and areas now comprised in Thailand.[2][3]
The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad river have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the pre-colonial era.[4]
Evidence indicates that Butuan was in contact with the Song dynasty of China by at least 1001 AD. The Chinese annal Song Shih recorded the first appearance of a Butuan tributary mission at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD and it described Butuan (P'u-tuan) as a small Hindu country with a Buddhist Monarchy in the sea that had a regular connection with the Champa kingdom and intermittent contact with China under the Rajah named Kiling.[5] The rajah sent an envoy under I-hsu-han, with a formal memorial requesting equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy. The request was denied later by the Imperial court, mainly because of favoritism over Champa.[6]
A new ruler with the Indianized name Sri Bata Shaja later succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh. Likanhsieh shocked the Emperor by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold tablet, some white dragon (Bailong 白龍) camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice.[7] This display of irreverence sparked interests from China over the small Rajahnate and the diplomatic relations between the two states reached its peak during the Yuan Dynasty. Chinese records about the Rajahnate stopped after the reign of Rajah Siagu the last independent Rajah of Butuan. He was formally subjugated into the Spanish empire after he made a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.
Excavated artifacts
Numerous jars have been found in the Butuan area that indicate the wealth of the kingdom and the existence of foreign traditions.[8] Some of these jars have been dated as follows:
Sathing Phra (900–1100 AD)
Haripunjaya (800–900 AD),
Japanese (12th to 16th centuries AD),[9]
Chinese (10th to 15th centuries AD),
Khmer (9th to 10th centuries AD),
Thai (14th to 15th centuries AD)
Champa (11th to 13th centuries AD)
Persian (9th to 10th centuries AD)
Artifacts have been recovered from within the vicinities of Ambangan Archeological Site in Libertad that attest to the historical accounts that Butuan traded with the India, Japan, Han Chinese , and Southeast Asian countries during these periods.[10]
Origins of the name
The name Butuan is believed to have existed long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the Philippine archipelago. One possible indication of this is a rhinoceros ivory seal with design carved in ancient Javanese or early kawi script (used around the 10th century AD ) which, according to a Dutch scholar, was deciphered as But-wan. Another account suggests the name derives from the word batuan, a mangosteen-related fruit common in Mindanao. Another alternative is that the name derives from Datu Bantuan, possibly a former chieftain of the region.[11]
Rajahnate of Cebu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu
Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on the island of Cebu prior to the arrival of the Spanish. It was founded by Sri Lumay or Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.[1]
According to Visayan folklore, he descended from a native royal family who practiced Hinduism which ruled Cebu. Sri Lumay, was a Malay from Sumatra, who settled in the Visayas, and had several sons. One of his son was Sri Alho, who ruled a land known as Sialo which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as Nahalin in the north which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the tribal group known as magalos from Mindanao.[2]
The youngest of his sons was Sri Bantug who ruled a kingdom known as Singhapala, in a region which is now known as Cebu City, who died of disease and was succeeded by his son Sri Hamabar, also known as Rajah Humabon. Sri Bantug had a brother called Sri Parang, the limp, but could not govern his kingdom because of his infirmity. Parang handed his throne to his nephew Humabon and became the Rajah (king) of Cebu.
Sri Parang, the limp, also had a young son, Sri Tupas, also known as Rajah Tupas who succeeded Rajah Humabon as king of Cebu.[3] The phrase Cata Raya Chita was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta, to be a warning in the Old Malay language, from a merchant to the Rajah and was cited to have meant:
"Have good care, O king, what you do, for these men are those who have conquered Calicut, Malacca, and all India the Greater. If you give them good reception and treat them well, it will be well for you, but if you treat them ill, so much the worse it will be for you, as they have done at Calicut and at Malacca."[4]
In reality, this phrase is that of Kota Raya kita, an indigenous Malay phrase of merchants under the authority of Rajah Humabon, with a meaning in English of: "our capital city": Kota (fortress), Raya (great, hence Kotaraya (capital city)), kita (we).
This Rajahnate was dissolved during the reign of Rajah Tupas by the forces of conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in the battle of Cebu during 1565.[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu
Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on the island of Cebu prior to the arrival of the Spanish. It was founded by Sri Lumay or Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.[1]
According to Visayan folklore, he descended from a native royal family who practiced Hinduism which ruled Cebu. Sri Lumay, was a Malay from Sumatra, who settled in the Visayas, and had several sons. One of his son was Sri Alho, who ruled a land known as Sialo which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as Nahalin in the north which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the tribal group known as magalos from Mindanao.[2]
The youngest of his sons was Sri Bantug who ruled a kingdom known as Singhapala, in a region which is now known as Cebu City, who died of disease and was succeeded by his son Sri Hamabar, also known as Rajah Humabon. Sri Bantug had a brother called Sri Parang, the limp, but could not govern his kingdom because of his infirmity. Parang handed his throne to his nephew Humabon and became the Rajah (king) of Cebu.
Sri Parang, the limp, also had a young son, Sri Tupas, also known as Rajah Tupas who succeeded Rajah Humabon as king of Cebu.[3] The phrase Cata Raya Chita was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta, to be a warning in the Old Malay language, from a merchant to the Rajah and was cited to have meant:
"Have good care, O king, what you do, for these men are those who have conquered Calicut, Malacca, and all India the Greater. If you give them good reception and treat them well, it will be well for you, but if you treat them ill, so much the worse it will be for you, as they have done at Calicut and at Malacca."[4]
In reality, this phrase is that of Kota Raya kita, an indigenous Malay phrase of merchants under the authority of Rajah Humabon, with a meaning in English of: "our capital city": Kota (fortress), Raya (great, hence Kotaraya (capital city)), kita (we).
This Rajahnate was dissolved during the reign of Rajah Tupas by the forces of conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in the battle of Cebu during 1565.[5]
Sultanate of Maguindanao
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao
The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a Bangsamoro state that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in southern Philippines.
Its known historical influence stretches from the peninsula of Zamboanga to the bay of Sarangani. At its peak, the sultanate covered the entire island of Mindanao, and ruled over the smaller neighboring islands near and around Mindanao.
Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the area at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated in Malabang-Lanao. He exiled some of his people who deviated from the Islamic faith to Cotabato. He subsequently married dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli of the Maguinadanao family ruling class in Dulawan and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao seated in Dulawan and virtually as Sultan of the whole island of the so-called Mindanao.[1] The sultanate was usually centered in the valley of Cotabato.
Asraf Mohamad Samalan Dipatuan Qudratullah Fahar'uddin Nasiruddin, popularly known as Qudarat and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest known sultans who controlled Mindanao. In His island sanctuary in Sulu, he was known as Sultan Nasiruddin and was the Sultan of that Island recognized by the Sulu Sultan and his grave still stands there.
Abd al-Rahman, his grandson, continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence.
During the Spanish colonial period, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was able to defend their territory, preventing the Spaniards from colonizing the entire Mindanao and ceding the island of Palawan to the Spanish government in 1705. The island priory ceded to him by Sulu Sultan Sahabuddin. This was to have help dissuaded Spanish encroachments into the island of Maguinadanao.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao
The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a Bangsamoro state that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in southern Philippines.
Its known historical influence stretches from the peninsula of Zamboanga to the bay of Sarangani. At its peak, the sultanate covered the entire island of Mindanao, and ruled over the smaller neighboring islands near and around Mindanao.
Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the area at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated in Malabang-Lanao. He exiled some of his people who deviated from the Islamic faith to Cotabato. He subsequently married dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli of the Maguinadanao family ruling class in Dulawan and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao seated in Dulawan and virtually as Sultan of the whole island of the so-called Mindanao.[1] The sultanate was usually centered in the valley of Cotabato.
Asraf Mohamad Samalan Dipatuan Qudratullah Fahar'uddin Nasiruddin, popularly known as Qudarat and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest known sultans who controlled Mindanao. In His island sanctuary in Sulu, he was known as Sultan Nasiruddin and was the Sultan of that Island recognized by the Sulu Sultan and his grave still stands there.
Abd al-Rahman, his grandson, continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence.
During the Spanish colonial period, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was able to defend their territory, preventing the Spaniards from colonizing the entire Mindanao and ceding the island of Palawan to the Spanish government in 1705. The island priory ceded to him by Sulu Sultan Sahabuddin. This was to have help dissuaded Spanish encroachments into the island of Maguinadanao.
Sultanate of Sulu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu
The Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-Islam[note 1] (Jawi: سلطنة سولو دار الإسلام) was an Islamic Tausūg[note 2]state that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, in the southern Philippines and several places in northern Borneo. The sultanate was founded in 1457[note 3] by a Johore-born Arab explorer and religious scholar Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin[note 4] after he settled in Banua Buansa Ummah (ummah is an Arabic term for "community"), Sulu. After the marriage of Abu Bakr and local dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli, he founded the sultanate and assumed the title Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hāshim. Sharif ul-Hāshim was a direct descendant of Islamic prophet Muhammad.[4] Currently the issue of who would be the legitimate Sultan of Sulu is disputed by several branches of the Royal Family, although the line of succession fell on the Kiram branch of the royal family from 1823.
Pre-establishment
The earliest known settlement in the areas soon to be occupied by the sultanate was in Maimbung, Jolo. During these times, Sulu was called Lupah Sug.[5] The Principality of Maimbung, populated by Buranun people (or Budanon, literally means "mountain-dwellers"), was first ruled by a certain rajah who assumed the title Rajah Sipad the Older. According to Majul, the origins of the title rajah sipad originated from the Hindu shri paduka, which symbolizes authority.[6] The Principality was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older was succeeded by Sipad the Younger.
During the reign of Sipad the Younger, a mystic[7] named Tuan Mashā′ikha[note 5] arrived in Jolo in 1280 AD.[note 6] Little is known to the origins and early biography of Tuan Mashā′ikha, except that he is a Muslim "who came from foreign lands" at the head of a fleet of Muslim traders,[9] or he was issued from a stalk of bamboo and was considered a prophet, thus well respected by the people.[10] Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashā′ikha together with his parents, Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga, were sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (who is known as Iskandar Zulkarnain in Sejarah Melayu).[6] However, Saleeby dismisses this fact by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga were mythical names.[10] According to tarsila, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the people of Maimbung worship tombs and stones of any kind. After he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Younger's daughter, Idda Indira Suga and bore three children:[11] Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and 'Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot five children.[12] From the genealogy of Tuan Mashā′ikha, another titular system of aristocracy called "tuanship" started in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashā′ikha also married into another "unidentified woman" and begot Moumin. Tuan Mashā′ikha died in 710 A.H. (equivalent to 1310 AD), and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo, with an inscription of Tuan Maqbālū.[13]
A descendant of Tuan Mashā′ikha named Tuan May also begot a son named Datu Tka. The descendants of Tuan May did not assume the title tuan, instead, they started to use datu. It is the first time datu was used as a political institution.[11][14]
During the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the Tagimaha people (literally means "the party of the people") coming from Basilan and several places in Mindanao, also arrived and settled in Buansa. After the Tagimaha came the Baklaya people (which means "seashore dwellers") and believed to be originated from Sulawesi, and settled in Patikul. After these came the Bajau people (or Samal) from Johor. The Bajau were accidentally driven towards Sulu by a heavy monsoon, some of them to the shores of Brunei and others to Mindanao.[15] The population of Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya in Sulu created three parties with distinct system of government and subjects. At least in 1417, according to Chinese annals, three kings (or monarchs) ruled three civilized kingdoms in the island.[16] Patuka Pahala (Paduka Batara) ruled the eastern kingdom, he was the most powerful; the west kingdom was ruled by Mahalachi (Maharajah Kamal ud-Din); and the kingdom near the cave (or Cave King) was Paduka Patulapok.[17] The Bajau settlers were distributed among the three kingdoms.[18]
Moumin's descendants, the son of Tuan Mashā′ikha populated Sulu. After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila, that he received four Bisaya slaves from Manila (presumably Kingdom of Tondo) as a sign of friendship between the two countries. The descendants of Timway Orangkaya Su'il then inherited the title timway, which means "chief". On tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang, Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively. The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the tarsila as "the Maimbung people") Tagimaha, Baklaya, then the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.[19]
This is the situation of Sulu before Islam came in the area. The island is inhabited by several cultures, and is reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya people. Similarly, the socio-political system is functioned by the rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha hence established a core Islamic community in the island.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu
The Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-Islam[note 1] (Jawi: سلطنة سولو دار الإسلام) was an Islamic Tausūg[note 2]state that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, in the southern Philippines and several places in northern Borneo. The sultanate was founded in 1457[note 3] by a Johore-born Arab explorer and religious scholar Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin[note 4] after he settled in Banua Buansa Ummah (ummah is an Arabic term for "community"), Sulu. After the marriage of Abu Bakr and local dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli, he founded the sultanate and assumed the title Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hāshim. Sharif ul-Hāshim was a direct descendant of Islamic prophet Muhammad.[4] Currently the issue of who would be the legitimate Sultan of Sulu is disputed by several branches of the Royal Family, although the line of succession fell on the Kiram branch of the royal family from 1823.
Pre-establishment
The earliest known settlement in the areas soon to be occupied by the sultanate was in Maimbung, Jolo. During these times, Sulu was called Lupah Sug.[5] The Principality of Maimbung, populated by Buranun people (or Budanon, literally means "mountain-dwellers"), was first ruled by a certain rajah who assumed the title Rajah Sipad the Older. According to Majul, the origins of the title rajah sipad originated from the Hindu shri paduka, which symbolizes authority.[6] The Principality was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older was succeeded by Sipad the Younger.
During the reign of Sipad the Younger, a mystic[7] named Tuan Mashā′ikha[note 5] arrived in Jolo in 1280 AD.[note 6] Little is known to the origins and early biography of Tuan Mashā′ikha, except that he is a Muslim "who came from foreign lands" at the head of a fleet of Muslim traders,[9] or he was issued from a stalk of bamboo and was considered a prophet, thus well respected by the people.[10] Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashā′ikha together with his parents, Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga, were sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (who is known as Iskandar Zulkarnain in Sejarah Melayu).[6] However, Saleeby dismisses this fact by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga were mythical names.[10] According to tarsila, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the people of Maimbung worship tombs and stones of any kind. After he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Younger's daughter, Idda Indira Suga and bore three children:[11] Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and 'Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot five children.[12] From the genealogy of Tuan Mashā′ikha, another titular system of aristocracy called "tuanship" started in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashā′ikha also married into another "unidentified woman" and begot Moumin. Tuan Mashā′ikha died in 710 A.H. (equivalent to 1310 AD), and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo, with an inscription of Tuan Maqbālū.[13]
A descendant of Tuan Mashā′ikha named Tuan May also begot a son named Datu Tka. The descendants of Tuan May did not assume the title tuan, instead, they started to use datu. It is the first time datu was used as a political institution.[11][14]
During the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the Tagimaha people (literally means "the party of the people") coming from Basilan and several places in Mindanao, also arrived and settled in Buansa. After the Tagimaha came the Baklaya people (which means "seashore dwellers") and believed to be originated from Sulawesi, and settled in Patikul. After these came the Bajau people (or Samal) from Johor. The Bajau were accidentally driven towards Sulu by a heavy monsoon, some of them to the shores of Brunei and others to Mindanao.[15] The population of Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya in Sulu created three parties with distinct system of government and subjects. At least in 1417, according to Chinese annals, three kings (or monarchs) ruled three civilized kingdoms in the island.[16] Patuka Pahala (Paduka Batara) ruled the eastern kingdom, he was the most powerful; the west kingdom was ruled by Mahalachi (Maharajah Kamal ud-Din); and the kingdom near the cave (or Cave King) was Paduka Patulapok.[17] The Bajau settlers were distributed among the three kingdoms.[18]
Moumin's descendants, the son of Tuan Mashā′ikha populated Sulu. After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila, that he received four Bisaya slaves from Manila (presumably Kingdom of Tondo) as a sign of friendship between the two countries. The descendants of Timway Orangkaya Su'il then inherited the title timway, which means "chief". On tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang, Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively. The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the tarsila as "the Maimbung people") Tagimaha, Baklaya, then the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.[19]
This is the situation of Sulu before Islam came in the area. The island is inhabited by several cultures, and is reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya people. Similarly, the socio-political system is functioned by the rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha hence established a core Islamic community in the island.
Islamization and establishment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu
At the end of 14th century, a notable Arab judge and religious scholar named Karim ul-Makhdum[note 7] from Mecca arrived in Malacca Sultanate. He preached Islam to the people, the reason why many citizens, including the ruler of Malacca, converted to Islam.[20]
Sulu and other Muslim sultanates were introduced to Islam by Chinese Muslims and Arabs. Chinese Muslim merchants participated in the local commerce, and the Sultanate had diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty China, being involved in the tribute system, the Sulu leader Paduka Batara and his sons moved to China, where he passed away and Chinese Muslims brought up his sons.[21]
In 1380 AD,[note 8] Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in Simunul island from Malacca, again, with Arab traders. Apart from being a scholar, he is a trader and believed to be a Sufi missionary whose origin is from Mecca.[22] He preached Islam in the area, and was thus accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person who preached Islam in the area, since Tuan Mashā′ikha. To facilitate easy conversion of nonbelievers, he established a mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, which became the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, as well as in the Philippines. This was later known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque.[23] He died in Sulu, though the exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliyā.[6] On his alleged grave in Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription was written as "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". In Lugus, he is referred to Abdurrahman. In Sibutu, he is known to as his name.[24]
The different of beliefs on his grave locations is due to the fact that Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several islands in Sulu Sea to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people of Tapul built a mosque honoring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. Thus, the success of Karim ul-Makhdum of spreading Islam in Sulu threw a new light in Islamic history in the Philippines. The customs, beliefs and political laws of the people were changed and customized to adopt the Islamic tradition.[25]
Spanish and British annexations
In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar treatment was given to Sulu. Dalrymple who made a treaty of allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to make a similar agreement with the rulers of Tempasuk and Abai on the north Borneo coast in 1762.[26]
The territory ceded to Sulu by Brunei initially stretched south to Tapean Durian (now Tanjong Mangkalihat) (another source mentioned the southern most boundary is at Dumaring),[27] near the Straits of Macassar (now Kalimantan). However by 1800–1850, these area had been effectively controlled by the Sultanate of Bulungan in Kalimantan, reducing the boundary of Sulu to a cape named Batu Tinagat and Tawau River.[28]
The island of Sulu and its dependencies (excluding North Borneo) were annexed to the Spanish crown on 19 April 1851.[29]
Sultan of Sulu only granted "lease" [30] to Alfred Dent and Baron von Overback on 1878, over:
“ ...do hereby lease of our own freewill and satisfaction to...all the territories and lands being tributary to [us] together with their heirs, associates, successors and assigns forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers which we possess over all territories and lads tributary to us on the mainland of the Island of Borneo, commencing from the Pandassan River on the west coast to Maludu Bay, and extending along the whole east coast as far as Sibuco River on the south,..., and all the other territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco River, ..., [9 nautical miles] of the coast." [31] ”
As of press time, the Malaysian Embassy in Manila still pays lease to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu, amounting to measly P73,940 (Filipino Peso) or RM5300. This lease money is confirmed by the Malaysian Embassy in Manila, and the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu. [32]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu
At the end of 14th century, a notable Arab judge and religious scholar named Karim ul-Makhdum[note 7] from Mecca arrived in Malacca Sultanate. He preached Islam to the people, the reason why many citizens, including the ruler of Malacca, converted to Islam.[20]
Sulu and other Muslim sultanates were introduced to Islam by Chinese Muslims and Arabs. Chinese Muslim merchants participated in the local commerce, and the Sultanate had diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty China, being involved in the tribute system, the Sulu leader Paduka Batara and his sons moved to China, where he passed away and Chinese Muslims brought up his sons.[21]
In 1380 AD,[note 8] Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in Simunul island from Malacca, again, with Arab traders. Apart from being a scholar, he is a trader and believed to be a Sufi missionary whose origin is from Mecca.[22] He preached Islam in the area, and was thus accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person who preached Islam in the area, since Tuan Mashā′ikha. To facilitate easy conversion of nonbelievers, he established a mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, which became the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, as well as in the Philippines. This was later known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque.[23] He died in Sulu, though the exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliyā.[6] On his alleged grave in Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription was written as "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". In Lugus, he is referred to Abdurrahman. In Sibutu, he is known to as his name.[24]
The different of beliefs on his grave locations is due to the fact that Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several islands in Sulu Sea to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people of Tapul built a mosque honoring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. Thus, the success of Karim ul-Makhdum of spreading Islam in Sulu threw a new light in Islamic history in the Philippines. The customs, beliefs and political laws of the people were changed and customized to adopt the Islamic tradition.[25]
Spanish and British annexations
In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar treatment was given to Sulu. Dalrymple who made a treaty of allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to make a similar agreement with the rulers of Tempasuk and Abai on the north Borneo coast in 1762.[26]
The territory ceded to Sulu by Brunei initially stretched south to Tapean Durian (now Tanjong Mangkalihat) (another source mentioned the southern most boundary is at Dumaring),[27] near the Straits of Macassar (now Kalimantan). However by 1800–1850, these area had been effectively controlled by the Sultanate of Bulungan in Kalimantan, reducing the boundary of Sulu to a cape named Batu Tinagat and Tawau River.[28]
The island of Sulu and its dependencies (excluding North Borneo) were annexed to the Spanish crown on 19 April 1851.[29]
Sultan of Sulu only granted "lease" [30] to Alfred Dent and Baron von Overback on 1878, over:
“ ...do hereby lease of our own freewill and satisfaction to...all the territories and lands being tributary to [us] together with their heirs, associates, successors and assigns forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers which we possess over all territories and lads tributary to us on the mainland of the Island of Borneo, commencing from the Pandassan River on the west coast to Maludu Bay, and extending along the whole east coast as far as Sibuco River on the south,..., and all the other territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco River, ..., [9 nautical miles] of the coast." [31] ”
As of press time, the Malaysian Embassy in Manila still pays lease to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu, amounting to measly P73,940 (Filipino Peso) or RM5300. This lease money is confirmed by the Malaysian Embassy in Manila, and the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu. [32]
Ang, Josiah C., Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules...f_the_royal.htm
Majul, César Adib (1973), Muslims in the Philippines
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=1GVxAAAAMAAJ&hl=uk
Saleeby, Najeeb Mitry (1908), The History of Sulu
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=FKETAAAAYAAJ&hl=uk
Gonda, Jan (1975), Religionen: Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indonesien, Malaysia und die Philippinen unter Einschluss der Kap-Malaien in Südafrika
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&hl=uk
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules...f_the_royal.htm
Majul, César Adib (1973), Muslims in the Philippines
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=1GVxAAAAMAAJ&hl=uk
Saleeby, Najeeb Mitry (1908), The History of Sulu
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=FKETAAAAYAAJ&hl=uk
Gonda, Jan (1975), Religionen: Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indonesien, Malaysia und die Philippinen unter Einschluss der Kap-Malaien in Südafrika
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&hl=uk
William Henry Scott (1992), Looking for the prehispanic Filipino: and other essays in Philippine history, New Day Publishers
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=Z6ZwAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila
http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/0...-of-old-manila/
THE LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION
http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm
http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=Z6ZwAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila
http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/0...-of-old-manila/
THE LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION
http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm
Wang Zhenping (2008). "Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines". Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies 1: 249–260.
http://www.icis.kansai-u.ac.jp/data/journa...l01-19-wang.pdf
http://www.icis.kansai-u.ac.jp/data/journa...l01-19-wang.pdf
Snow
Квестор
На русском языке:
Левтонова Ю.О. История Филиппин. Краткий очерк
Берзин Э.О. Юго-Восточная Азия в XIII-XVI вв.
Могут пригодиться также
Документы по истории ЮВА конца XVI - начала XVIII вв.
Левтонова Ю.О. История Филиппин. Краткий очерк
Берзин Э.О. Юго-Восточная Азия в XIII-XVI вв.
Могут пригодиться также
Документы по истории ЮВА конца XVI - начала XVIII вв.
Одна странность. Характеризуя селькое хозяйство доколониальных Филиппин, Левтонова пишет, что ткани изготавливались из листьев ананаса . А ведь ананас родом из Южной Америки и считается, что первым оттуда его привёз Х.Колумб. ???
Snow
Квестор
Левтонову не читал. Родиной ананаса считается Бразилия. На Флиппины он завезен действительно испанцами.
Так по Вашей же ссылке прошёлся. Ананас нашёлся в главе "Филиппины накануне испанского завоевания. Или Левтонова ошиблась, или это свидетельство доколумбовых контактов с Америкой.
Snow
Квестор
Нельзя конечно отбрасывать возможность, что Левтонова была приверженницей идей Хейердала.
Ботаник Бортони в 1919 году предположил, что американский ананас,
видимо, распространился в тихоокеанской области в доколумбовы
времена. Его коллега Браун показал в 1931 году, что есть серьезные
основания считать культуру ананаса на Маркизских островах
доевропейской. А ботаник Дегенер заявил в 1930 году, что гавайцы
разводили менее ценную, полудикую разновидность ананаса задолго до
того, как его, согласно письменным источникам, ввезли европейцы.
Пятью годами позже американский гавайист Брайен писал: "Произрастание
ананаса и некоторых других растений, плоды которых идут в пищу, в
Полинезии может означать, что полинезийцы ходили к берегам Южной и
Центральной Америки".
Возможно, что кому-то удавалось пройти маршрутом Сааведры или маршрутом Менданьи задолго до них самих.