Куница
Претор
После крушения южного фронта в Восточном Средиземноморье и Ближнем Востоке в 12 веке до н.э. Первый Рейх потомков асов он же КППУ оказавшись под санкциями в изоляции, без союзников, зажатый в "кольце анаконды" людей воды, тем не менее смог продержаться несколько столетий, в разных регионах по разному . Но итог был неизбежен. Так хорошо начинавшееся наступление асов с периода среднего бронзового века на запад обернулось настоящей катастрофой к концу позднего бронзового века
In the Ha B phase, the Štítary Culture spread towards Northern, Northwestern and Southern Bohemia, while Western Bohemia was occupied by the Nynice Culture. Both groups belong to the Upper Danubian cultural zone, i.e. to the original homeland of the Celts. But each one of them experienced a different development. The Štitary Culture evolved continuously from the Knovíz Culture of the early Urnfield period (Br D – Ha A ; Hrala 1973 : 111-113). In contrast to Silesian-Platĕnice Culture, the Štítary Culture had a greater social stratification (typical fortified hill sites or „princely“burial mounds with the first evidence of iron objects, as e.g. Hostomice (fig. 2, most : Kytlicová 1988). In this area, the impact of the climatic changes of the late Subboreal was more obvious, its négative effect being the décliné in seulement density in several territories (Southern Bohemia, the region of Příbram ; Smejtek 1987 : 353). In Southern Bohemia about 300 Urnfield-sites from the periods Bz D and Ha A are known, while only about 30 sites are registered from the Late Bronze Age (Ha B) (Chvojka 2004 : 61, 74).
Among the best-known Urnfield settlements are the fortified villages set on islands and peninsulas in lakes. The Wasserburg at Bad Buchau, on an island in the Federsee in southern Germany, was excavated in the 1920s and 1930s, revealing two successive Urnfield settlements. The first one was founded in the twelfth century b.c., with thirty-eight small, one-roomed houses, most about 4 meters by 5 meters in area. It was enclosed by a palisade with thousands of posts. After a period of abandonment due to rising water levels, a smaller palisaded settlement was rebuilt around 1000 b.c. with nine large, multiroom houses (fig. 1). This second settlement was destroyed by fire early in the first millennium b.c. Many of the houses of the Wasserburg at Bad Buchau were built in a log-cabin style, with timbers laid horizontally on one another. The population of the site during both construction phases is estimated at about two hundred people.
Fortified settlements were also built on higher terrain, on hilltops and plateaus. In many cases, the fortifications were quite elaborate, with their ramparts reinforced using timber structures, stone facing, and sloping banks. Relatively little is known about the settlements in the interior of these fortifications, since archaeologists have typically focused their attention on the ramparts themselves. At the Burgberg, near Burkheim in southwestern Germany,
excavations have revealed hundreds of round pits, interpreted as storage pits or house cellars. Many of the Urnfield fortified settlements of central Europe were destroyed after a very short period of occupation.
"Обычными погребальными памятниками велатицкой культуры были поля погребений с ямами, обложенными камнем; возможно, были и могильные насыпи, позже исчезнувшие.
В Блучине (близ Брно) раскопано укрепленное поселение велатицкого времени, под стеной которого найдены остатки 200 скелетов, иногда тщательно уложенных, иногда в виде брошенных в беспорядке костей. Вероятно, это кладбище возникло в результате неприятельского вторжения, так как велатицким погребальным обрядом было трупосожжение.
Конец культуры полей погребений наступил неодновременно в разных частях Европы вследствие различных причин. В VIII в. до н.э. через Среднюю Европу прокатилась волна переселенцев, возможно в связи с появлением киммерийцев в Северном Причерноморье. Весьма вероятно, что одновременно в Среднюю Европу вторглись северные племена. Это привело к упадку среднеевропейские племена полей погребений. В южной и западнонемецкой группе вновь оживились элементы древней курганной культуры, произошла ассимиляция племен культуры полей погребений."
books.openedition.org
www.encyclopedia.com
In the Ha B phase, the Štítary Culture spread towards Northern, Northwestern and Southern Bohemia, while Western Bohemia was occupied by the Nynice Culture. Both groups belong to the Upper Danubian cultural zone, i.e. to the original homeland of the Celts. But each one of them experienced a different development. The Štitary Culture evolved continuously from the Knovíz Culture of the early Urnfield period (Br D – Ha A ; Hrala 1973 : 111-113). In contrast to Silesian-Platĕnice Culture, the Štítary Culture had a greater social stratification (typical fortified hill sites or „princely“burial mounds with the first evidence of iron objects, as e.g. Hostomice (fig. 2, most : Kytlicová 1988). In this area, the impact of the climatic changes of the late Subboreal was more obvious, its négative effect being the décliné in seulement density in several territories (Southern Bohemia, the region of Příbram ; Smejtek 1987 : 353). In Southern Bohemia about 300 Urnfield-sites from the periods Bz D and Ha A are known, while only about 30 sites are registered from the Late Bronze Age (Ha B) (Chvojka 2004 : 61, 74).
Among the best-known Urnfield settlements are the fortified villages set on islands and peninsulas in lakes. The Wasserburg at Bad Buchau, on an island in the Federsee in southern Germany, was excavated in the 1920s and 1930s, revealing two successive Urnfield settlements. The first one was founded in the twelfth century b.c., with thirty-eight small, one-roomed houses, most about 4 meters by 5 meters in area. It was enclosed by a palisade with thousands of posts. After a period of abandonment due to rising water levels, a smaller palisaded settlement was rebuilt around 1000 b.c. with nine large, multiroom houses (fig. 1). This second settlement was destroyed by fire early in the first millennium b.c. Many of the houses of the Wasserburg at Bad Buchau were built in a log-cabin style, with timbers laid horizontally on one another. The population of the site during both construction phases is estimated at about two hundred people.
Fortified settlements were also built on higher terrain, on hilltops and plateaus. In many cases, the fortifications were quite elaborate, with their ramparts reinforced using timber structures, stone facing, and sloping banks. Relatively little is known about the settlements in the interior of these fortifications, since archaeologists have typically focused their attention on the ramparts themselves. At the Burgberg, near Burkheim in southwestern Germany,
excavations have revealed hundreds of round pits, interpreted as storage pits or house cellars. Many of the Urnfield fortified settlements of central Europe were destroyed after a very short period of occupation.
"Обычными погребальными памятниками велатицкой культуры были поля погребений с ямами, обложенными камнем; возможно, были и могильные насыпи, позже исчезнувшие.
В Блучине (близ Брно) раскопано укрепленное поселение велатицкого времени, под стеной которого найдены остатки 200 скелетов, иногда тщательно уложенных, иногда в виде брошенных в беспорядке костей. Вероятно, это кладбище возникло в результате неприятельского вторжения, так как велатицким погребальным обрядом было трупосожжение.
Конец культуры полей погребений наступил неодновременно в разных частях Европы вследствие различных причин. В VIII в. до н.э. через Среднюю Европу прокатилась волна переселенцев, возможно в связи с появлением киммерийцев в Северном Причерноморье. Весьма вероятно, что одновременно в Среднюю Европу вторглись северные племена. Это привело к упадку среднеевропейские племена полей погребений. В южной и западнонемецкой группе вновь оживились элементы древней курганной культуры, произошла ассимиляция племен культуры полей погребений."
The late Urnfield period and the beginning of the Iron Age in Bohemia
Cet article résume la situation de la Bohème au cours du Bronze final et de la période des champs d’urnes. Dès cette époque, la Bohème peut être divisée en quatre régions culturelles (fig. 1).A/ En Bohème orientale, la culture silésienne de Platĕnice montre un développement continu du Ha b...
books.openedition.org
Late Bronze Age Urnfields of Central Europe | Encyclopedia.com
LATE BRONZE AGE URNFIELDS OF CENTRAL EUROPE Source for information on Late Bronze Age Urnfields of Central Europe: Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World dictionary.
Последнее редактирование:
